Quick tour

Let’s have a look at the 🤗 Accelerate main features and traps to avoid.

Main use

To use 🤗 Accelerate in your own script, you have to change four things:

1. Import the Accelerator main class and instantiate one in an accelerator object:

from accelerate import Accelerator

accelerator = Accelerator()

This should happen as early as possible in your training script as it will initialize everything necessary for distributed training. You don’t need to indicate the kind of environment you are in (just one machine with a GPU, one machines with several GPUs, several machines with multiple GPUs or a TPU), the library will detect this automatically.

2. Remove the call .to(device) or .cuda() for your model and input data. The accelerator object will handle this for you and place all those objects on the right device for you. If you know what you’re doing, you can leave those .to(device) calls but you should use the device provided by the accelerator object: accelerator.device.

To fully deactivate the automatic device placement, pass along device_placement=False when initializing your Accelerator.

3. Pass all objects relevant to training (optimizer, model, training dataloader, learning rate scheduler) to the prepare() method. This will make sure everything is ready for training.

model, optimizer, train_dataloader, lr_scheduler = accelerator.prepare(
    model, optimizer, train_dataloader, lr_scheduler
)

In particular, your training dataloader will be sharded across all GPUs/TPU cores available so that each one sees a different portion of the training dataset. Also, the random states of all processes will be synchronized at the beginning of each iteration through your dataloader, to make sure the data is shuffled the same way (if you decided to use shuffle=True or any kind of random sampler).

Alternatively, you can use the option split_batches=True when creating and initializing your Accelerator, in which case the batch size will always stay the same, whether you run your script on 1, 2, 4, or 64 GPUs.

You should execute this instruction as soon as all objects for training are created, before starting your actual training loop.

Any instruction using your training dataloader length (for instance if you want to log the number of total training steps) should go after the call to prepare().

You can perfectly send your dataloader to prepare() on its own, but it’s best to send the model and optimizer to prepare() together.

You may or may not want to send your validation dataloader to prepare(), depending on whether you want to run distributed evaluation or not (see below).

4. Replace the line loss.backward() by accelerator.backward(loss).

And you’re all set! With all these changes, your script will run on your local machine as well as on multiple GPUs or a TPU! You can either use your favorite tool to launch the distributed training, or you can use the 🤗 Accelerate launcher.

Distributed evaluation

You can perform regular evaluation in your training script, if you leave your validation dataloader out of the prepare() method. In this case, you will need to put the input data on the accelerator.device manually.

To perform distributed evaluation, send along your validation dataloader to the prepare() method:

validation_dataloader = accelerator.prepare(validation_dataloader)

As for your training dataloader, it will mean that (should you run your script on multiple devices) each device will only see part of the evaluation data. This means you will need to group your predictions together. This is very easy to do with the gather_for_metrics() method.

for inputs, targets in validation_dataloader:
    predictions = model(inputs)
    # Gather all predictions and targets
    all_predictions, all_targets = accelerator.gather_for_metrics((predictions, targets))
    # Example of use with a *Datasets.Metric*
    metric.add_batch(all_predictions, all_targets)

Any instruction using your training dataloader length (for instance if you need the number of total training steps to create a learning rate scheduler) should go after the call to prepare().

Some data at the end of the dataset may be duplicated so the batch can be divided equally among all workers. As a result, metrics should be calculated through the gather_for_metrics() method to automatically remove the duplicated data while gathering.

Launching your distributed script

You can use the regular commands to launch your distributed training (like torch.distributed.run for PyTorch), they are fully compatible with 🤗 Accelerate.

🤗 Accelerate also provides a CLI tool that unifies all launchers, so you only have to remember one command. To use it, just run:

accelerate config

on your machine and reply to the questions asked. This will save a default_config.yaml file in your cache folder for 🤗 Accelerate. That cache folder is (with decreasing order of priority):

• The content of your environment variable HF_HOME suffixed with accelerate.
• If it does not exist, the content of your environment variable XDG_CACHE_HOME suffixed with huggingface/accelerate.
• If this does not exist either, the folder ~/.cache/huggingface/accelerate

You can also specify with the flag --config_file the location of the file you want to save.

Once this is done, you can test everything is going well on your setup by running:

accelerate test

This will launch a short script that will test the distributed environment. If it runs fine, you are ready for the next step!

Note that if you specified a location for the config file in the previous step, you need to pass it here as well:

accelerate test --config_file path_to_config.yaml

Now that this is done, you can run your script with the following command:

accelerate launch path_to_script.py --args_for_the_script

If you stored the config file in a non-default location, you can indicate it to the launcher like this:

accelerate launch --config_file path_to_config.yaml path_to_script.py --args_for_the_script

You can also override any of the arguments determined by your config file. To see the complete list of parameters that you can pass in, run accelerate launch -h.

Check out the Launch tutorial for more information about launching your scripts.

Launching training from a notebook

In Accelerate 0.3.0, a new notebook_launcher() has been introduced to help you launch your training function from a notebook. This launcher supports launching a training with TPUs on Colab or Kaggle, as well as training on several GPUs (if the machine on which you are running your notebook has them).

Just define a function responsible for your whole training and/or evaluation in a cell of the notebook, then execute a cell with the following code:

from accelerate import notebook_launcher

notebook_launcher(training_function)

Check out the Notebook Launcher tutorial for more information about training on TPUs.

Training on TPU

If you want to launch your script on TPUs, there are a few caveats you should be aware of. Behind the scenes, the TPUs will create a graph of all the operations happening in your training step (forward pass, backward pass and optimizer step). This is why your first step of training will always be very long as building and compiling this graph for optimizations takes some time.

The good news is that this compilation will be cached so the second step and all the following will be much faster. The bad news is that it only applies if all of your steps do exactly the same operations, which implies:

• having all tensors of the same length in all your batches
• having static code (i.e., not a for loop of length that could change from step to step)

Having any of the things above change between two steps will trigger a new compilation which will, once again, take a lot of time. In practice, that means you must take special care to have all your tensors in your inputs of the same shape (so no dynamic padding for instance if you are in an NLP problem) and should not use layers with for loops that have different lengths depending on the inputs (such as an LSTM) or the training will be excruciatingly slow.

To introduce special behavior in your script for TPUs you can check the distributed_type of your accelerator:

from accelerate import DistributedType

if accelerator.distributed_type == DistributedType.TPU:
    # do something of static shape
else:
    # go crazy and be dynamic

The NLP example shows an example in a situation with dynamic padding.

One last thing to pay close attention to: if your model has tied weights (such as language models which tie the weights of the embedding matrix with the weights of the decoder), moving this model to the TPU (either yourself or after you passed your model to prepare()) will break the tying. You will need to retie the weights after. You can find an example of this in the run_clm_no_trainer script in the Transformers repository.

Check out the TPU tutorial for more information about training on TPUs.

Other caveats

We list here all smaller issues you could have in your script conversion and how to resolve them.

Execute a statement only on one processes

Some of your instructions only need to run for one process on a given server: for instance a data download or a log statement. To do this, wrap the statement in a test like this:

if accelerator.is_local_main_process:
    # Is executed once per server

Another example is progress bars: to avoid having multiple progress bars in your output, you should only display one on the local main process:

from tqdm.auto import tqdm

progress_bar = tqdm(range(args.max_train_steps), disable=not accelerator.is_local_main_process)

The local means per machine: if you are running your training on two servers with several GPUs, the instruction will be executed once on each of those servers. If you need to execute something only once for all processes (and not per machine) for instance, uploading the final model to the 🤗 model hub, wrap it in a test like this:

if accelerator.is_main_process:
    # Is executed once only

For printing statements you only want executed once per machine, you can just replace the print function by accelerator.print.

Defer execution

When you run your usual script, instructions are executed in order. Using 🤗 Accelerate to deploy your script on several GPUs at the same time introduces a complication: while each process executes all instructions in order, some may be faster than others.

You might need to wait for all processes to have reached a certain point before executing a given instruction. For instance, you shouldn’t save a model before being sure every process is done with training. To do this, just write the following line in your code:

accelerator.wait_for_everyone()

This instruction will block all the processes that arrive first until all the other processes have reached that point (if you run your script on just one GPU or CPU, this won’t do anything).

Saving/loading a model

Saving the model you trained might need a bit of adjustment: first you should wait for all processes to reach that point in the script as shown above, and then, you should unwrap your model before saving it. This is because when going through the prepare() method, your model may have been placed inside a bigger model, which deals with the distributed training. This in turn means that saving your model state dictionary without taking any precaution will take that potential extra layer into account, and you will end up with weights you can’t load back in your base model. The save_model() method will help you to achieve that. It will unwrap your model and save the model state dictionnary.

Here is an example:

accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
accelerator.save_model(model, save_directory)

The save_model() method can also save a model into sharded checkpoints or with safetensors format. Here is an example:

accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
accelerator.save_model(model, save_directory, max_shard_size="1GB", safe_serialization=True)

If your script contains logic to load a checkpoint, we also recommend you load your weights in the unwrapped model (this is only useful if you use the load function after making your model go through prepare()). Here is an example:

unwrapped_model = accelerator.unwrap_model(model)
path_to_checkpoint = os.path.join(save_directory,"pytorch_model.bin")
unwrapped_model.load_state_dict(torch.load(path_to_checkpoint))

Note that since all the model parameters are references to tensors, this will load your weights inside model.

If you want to load a sharded checkpoint or a checkpoint with safetensors format into the model with a specific device, we recommend you to load it with load_checkpoint_in_model() function. Here’s an example:

load_checkpoint_in_model(unwrapped_model, save_directory, device_map={"":device})

Saving/loading entire states

When training your model, you may want to save the current state of the model, optimizer, random generators, and potentially LR schedulers to be restored in the same script. You can use save_state() and load_state() respectively to do so.

To further customize where and how states saved through save_state() the ProjectConfiguration class can be used. For example if automatic_checkpoint_naming is enabled each saved checkpoint will be located then at Accelerator.project_dir/checkpoints/checkpoint_{checkpoint_number}.

If you have registered any other stateful items to be stored through register_for_checkpointing() they will also be saved and/or loaded.

Gradient clipping

If you are using gradient clipping in your script, you should replace the calls to torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_ or torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_value_ with clipgrad_norm() and clipgrad_value() respectively.

Mixed Precision training

If you are running your training in Mixed Precision with 🤗 Accelerate, you will get the best result with your loss being computed inside your model (like in Transformer models for instance). Every computation outside of the model will be executed in full precision (which is generally what you want for loss computation, especially if it involves a softmax). However you might want to put your loss computation inside the autocast() context manager:

with accelerator.autocast():
    loss = complex_loss_function(outputs, target):

Another caveat with Mixed Precision training is that the gradient will skip a few updates at the beginning and sometimes during training: because of the dynamic loss scaling strategy, there are points during training where the gradients have overflown, and the loss scaling factor is reduced to avoid this happening again at the next step.

This means that you may update your learning rate scheduler when there was no update, which is fine in general, but may have an impact when you have very little training data, or if the first learning rate values of your scheduler are very important. In this case, you can skip the learning rate scheduler updates when the optimizer step was not done like this:

if not accelerator.optimizer_step_was_skipped:
    lr_scheduler.step()

Gradient Accumulation

To perform gradient accumulation use accumulate() and specify a gradient_accumulation_steps. This will also automatically ensure the gradients are synced or unsynced when on multi-device training, check if the step should actually be performed, and auto-scale the loss:

accelerator = Accelerator(gradient_accumulation_steps=2)
model, optimizer, training_dataloader = accelerator.prepare(model, optimizer, training_dataloader)

for input, label in training_dataloader:
    with accelerator.accumulate(model):
        predictions = model(input)
        loss = loss_function(predictions, label)
        accelerator.backward(loss)
        optimizer.step()
        scheduler.step()
        optimizer.zero_grad()

DeepSpeed

DeepSpeed support is experimental, so the underlying API will evolve in the near future and may have some slight breaking changes. In particular, 🤗 Accelerate does not support DeepSpeed config you have written yourself yet, this will be added in a next version.

Internal mechanism

Internally, the library works by first analyzing the environment in which the script is launched to determine which kind of distributed setup is used, how many different processes there are and which one the current script is in. All that information is stored in the ~AcceleratorState.

This class is initialized the first time you instantiate an ~Accelerator as well as performing any specific initialization your distributed setup needs. Its state is then uniquely shared through all instances of AcceleratorState.

Then, when calling prepare(), the library:

• wraps your model(s) in the container adapted for the distributed setup,
• wraps your optimizer(s) in a AcceleratedOptimizer,
• creates a new version of your dataloader(s) in a DataLoaderShard.

While the model(s) and optimizer(s) are just put in simple wrappers, the dataloader(s) are re-created. This is mostly because PyTorch does not let the user change the batch_sampler of a dataloader once it’s been created and the library handles the sharding of your data between processes by changing that batch_sampler to yield every other num_processes batches.

The DataLoaderShard subclasses DataLoader to add the following functionality:

• it synchronizes the appropriate random number generator of all processes at each new iteration, to ensure any randomization (like shuffling) is done the exact same way across processes.
• it puts the batches on the proper device before yielding them (unless you have opted out of device_placement=True).

The random number generator synchronization will by default synchronize:

• the generator attribute of a given sampler (like the PyTorch RandomSampler) for PyTorch >= 1.6
• the main random number generator in PyTorch <=1.5.1

You can choose which random number generator(s) to synchronize with the rng_types argument of the main Accelerator. In PyTorch >= 1.6, it is recommended to rely on a local generator to avoid setting the same seed in the main random number generator in all processes.

For more details about the internals, see the Internals page.